Discurso de Lula da Silva (excerto)

___diegophc
Mostrar mensagens com a etiqueta Trotsky. Mostrar todas as mensagens
Mostrar mensagens com a etiqueta Trotsky. Mostrar todas as mensagens

sábado, 1 de maio de 2010

Интернационал (The Internationale - Russian lyrics)


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Vladlena1917 — 19 de Março de 2008 — Интернационал
The Internationale
L'Internationale

Интернационал - Русский
Музыка: П. Дегейтер Слова: А.Я.Коц

Вставай проклятьем заклейменный ,
Весь мир голодных и рабов !
Кипит наш разум возмущённый
И в смертный бой вести готов.
Весь мир насилья мы разрушим
До основанья, а затем
Мы наш, мы новый мир построим,
Кто был никем, тот станет всем!

Припев:
Это есть наш последний
И решительный бой.
С Интернационалом
Воспрянет род людской

Никто не даст нам избавленья:
Ни бог, ни царь и ни герой
Добьёмся мы освобожденья
Своею собственной рукой.
Чтоб свергнуть гнёт рукой умелой,
Отвоевать своё добро,-
Вздувайте горн и куйте смело,
Пока железо горячо!

Припев:
Это есть наш последний
И решительный бой .
С Интернационалом
Воспрянет род людской!

Лишь мы, работники всемирной
Великой армии труда!
Владеть землёй имеем право,
Но паразиты - никогда!
И если гром великий грянет
Над сворой псов и палачей,
Для нас всё также солнце станет
Сиять огнём своих лучей.

Припев:
Это есть наш последний
И решительный бой.
С Интернационалом
Воспрянет род людской!
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lbronstein — 2 de Julho de 2008 — A video clip about the Russian Revolution 1917
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 1917rpm — 21 de Novembro de 2007 — Escenas revolucionarias de 1917 en Rusia, manifestaciones comunistas, Lenin, Trotsky, milicias obreras, etc.

"El Gobierno Provisional ha sido depuesto. El Poder del Estado ha pasado a manos del Comité Militar Revolucionario, que es un órgano del Soviet de diputados obreros y soldados de Petrogrado y se encuentra al frente del proletariado y de la guarnición de la capital.

Los objetivos por los que ha luchado el pueblo - la propuesta inmediata de una paz democrática, la supresión de la propiedad agraria de los terratenientes, el control obrero de la producción y la constitución de un Gobierno Soviético - están asegurados.

¡Viva la revolución de los obreros, soldados y campesino!

El Comité Militar revolucionario del Soviet de diputados obreros y soldados de Petrogrado.

25 de octubre de 1917, 10 de la mañana."

http://www.marxists.org/espanol/lenin...
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wagnerian1979 — 1 de Junho de 2007 — Interesting footage from the early years of the Soviet Republic, including Lenin, Trotsky and others.
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ErnestoCheGuevara67 — 17 de Novembro de 2006 — Tribute to all true Marxists of the last decades.
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terça-feira, 26 de janeiro de 2010

O fim do Socialismo? - Henrique Rattner

O fim do Socialismo?

novembro 8, 2009
rattnerpor Henrique Rattner*

Introdução

A queda do muro de Berlim e a derrocada do ex-império soviético propiciaram um terreno fértil para que surgisse a tese de F. Fukuyama sobre “O fim da História”, da luta de classes e das contradições entre o mercado e o Estado. Decorrida pouco mais de uma década, os vaticínios de Fukuyama e seus adeptos não deixam de ser ridículos, sobretudo à luz dos permanentes confrontos internos à imensa maioria das sociedades e as guerras travadas em todos os continentes.
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A derrota dos socialistas franceses nas eleições de abril de 2002 e a ascensão da extrema direita liderada por Le Pen têm provocado interrogações e interpretações das mais diversas na mídia e nos meios acadêmicos e políticos, afirmando alguns peremptoriamente “o fim do socialismo”.
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Efetivamente, o fenômeno Le Pen parece ser mais um elo na cadeia de expansão da extrema direita – xenófoba, racista e ultranacionalista – sobretudo, no continente europeu.
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As vitórias nas eleições francesas de Le Pen, de Silvio Berlusconi na Itália, Jorge Haider na Áustria, Pia Kjaersgaard na Dinamarca e de Pim Fortuyn na Holanda convidam para uma reflexão sobre a dinâmica dos movimentos políticos da “esquerda” e suas perspectivas nesta “era de incertezas”.
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Na ânsia de prever e predizer o futuro, os arautos da derrota “irreversível” do socialismo se baseiam em idéias genéricas para explicar casos específicos enquanto ignoram as especificidades contextuais.
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Uma análise mais correta dos fatos nos remete à dinâmica das origens e das relações históricas presentes na gênese do pensamento e dos movimentos socialistas. Longe de ter esgotado seu papel na História, o socialismo ressurge como única alternativa humanista face à irracionalidade, os desmandos e a alienação do sistema capitalista.
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Das origens: do socialismo utópico ao científico e ao “real”

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Dos escombros da Revolução Francesa e da Restauração posterior ao Congresso de Viena (1815) surgiram várias propostas e projetos visando a construção de relações sociais mais dignas e eqüitativas. Os assim chamados socialistas utópicos – Fourier, R. Owen e Saint Simon, seguidos pelo cooperativismo de Proudhon refletiram os esforços de seus protagonistas em corrigir as assimetrias sociais e as injustiças cometidas contra os trabalhadores e suas famílias no sistema industrial emergente. Em 1848 saiu publicado o livro de F. Engels sobre “A situação da classe operária na Inglaterra” e, no mesmo ano, o Manifesto Comunista de K. Marx e F. Engels conclamou os proletários de todos os países a unir seus esforços para romper as cadeias de exploração capitalista na luta pela conquista dos Direitos Humanos. As derrotas fragorosas das revoluções burguesas em 1848, na França, na Alemanha, na Áustria, Hungria, Polônia e Rússia, não conseguiram conter as pressões de milhões de trabalhadores arregimentados pelo processo de industrialização emergente.
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Na segunda metade do século XIX, a expansão do modo de produção industrial estimulou a formação de sindicatos e, posteriormente, de partidos políticos dos trabalhadores em todos os países europeus. Embora considerados base dos partidos políticos socialistas, seus lideres julgaram a ação sindical insuficiente para induzir transformações do sistema, uma discussão apaixonada e prolongada que perpassou os movimentos em todo o continente europeu, particularmente na Rússia Czarista e na Alemanha imperial.
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“Reforma ou revolução” foi o divisor de águas em todos os partidos socialistas e social democratas, sendo os defensores mais articulados da primeira opção os teóricos alemães K. Kautsky e Eduardo Bernstein e os Mencheviques, na Rússia. Os revolucionários, minoritários nos partidos, contaram entre seus porta-vozes mais brilhantes Lênin e Trotsky na Rússia e Rosa Luxemburg e Karl Liebknecht (ambos assassinados em 1919) na Alemanha. Sem rejeitar a luta contínua por reformas sociais, por melhorias na situação dos trabalhadores e pela defesa das instituições democráticas, os revolucionários se orientaram por seu objetivo último – a conquista de poder político e a abolição do sistema de exploração capitalista. A luta pela reforma social seria o meio, a revolução social – o fim.
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Sob a liderança da social-democracia alemã e francesa foi fundada em 1889 a Segunda Internacional Socialista (a Primeira tinha sido dissolvida em 1873, em conseqüência das intermináveis disputas entre a facção anarquista liderada por Bakunin e os grupos seguidores de Marx e Engels). Mas, apesar do crescimento numérico contínuo dos partidos filiados e sua conquista de bancadas nos respectivos parlamentos, a Segunda Internacional literalmente implodiu com a eclosão da Primeira Guerra Mundial, quando os partidos socialistas votaram a favor da guerra e conclamaram a classe trabalhadora a apoiar o esforço bélico nacional. Em vez de unir-se contra o massacre que durou quatro anos ceifando dezenas de milhões de vidas, os partidos, com a honrosa exceção de Jean Jaurés, na França, Karl Liebknecht e Rosa Luxemburg, na Alemanha e os Bolcheviques na Rússia entoaram discursos patrióticos em defesa dos respectivos monarcas e pátrias.
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Para manter acesa a chama do internacionalismo, reuniram se sucessivamente em duas aldeias suíças, Zimmerwald (1915) e Kienthal (1916) uma dezena de representantes das correntes revolucionárias, elaborando um manifesto que conclamava para o fim imediato das hostilidades e a instalação de governos republicanos em todos os países. A eclosão da Revolução Russa (fevereiro e outubro de 1917) e sua defesa vitoriosa contra as invasões de vários exércitos que pretendiam restaurar a monarquia pareciam inclinar a balança a favor dos movimentos revolucionários.
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Mas, as repressões sangrentas dos movimentos revolucionários na Hungria (1919) e na Alemanha, bem como a derrota das tropas soviéticas frente ao exército polonês do Marechal Pilsudski fizeram refluir a onda revolucionária e levaram ao isolamento da União Soviética. Uma das conseqüências da hostilidade do mundo capitalista e suas organizações internacionais foi a instalação da sede da Terceira Internacional Comunista em Moscou e seu total controle pelo PCUS – Partido Comunista da União Soviética e, posteriormente, pela KGB, a polícia secreta de Stalin.
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As barbaridades cometidas por esta durante a Guerra Civil espanhola (1936-39) contra militantes oposicionistas, particularmente os anarquistas e trotskistas pelas tropas e a polícia sob controle dos stalinistas; suas denúncias e a entrega de militantes comunistas opositores à Gestapo – a polícia secreta dos nazistas e finalmente, a assinatura do Pacto de não-agressão entre os ministros de Relações Exteriores da Alemanha (Ribbentrop) e da URSS (Molotov) em 1939 pareciam ter selado o destino da Terceira Internacional.
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Eliminando brutalmente os partidos e correntes oposicionistas, a “ditadura do proletariado” passou à ditadura do partido, dirigido pelo Comitê Central que, por sua vez, estava totalmente controlado pelo secretário geral o “camarada” Stalin.
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O dilema existencial causado aos militantes comunistas sobretudo na Alemanha e Europa Central em conseqüência da aliança entre Hitler e Stalin, reforçou e confirmou as criticas levantadas contra o Termidor – a decapitação da elite revolucionária de 1917, levada aos tribunais, condenada e executada nos famigerados processos de Moscou.
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Na mesma época, ocorreu o exílio forçado seguido de perseguição implacável do líder da oposição Leon Trotsky (autor de “A Revolução Traída”) até o México, onde foi assassinado a mando de Stalin, em 1940. A invasão da ex-URSS pelas nazistas em 1940 e sua aliança com as democracias ocidentais (EUA e Grã-Bretanha) na guerra contra as potências do eixo, Alemanha, Itália e Japão, abafaram as críticas e restrições contra o regime de terror e seu partido, enquanto os PCs da França e Itália, alcançaram grande votação nos anos pós-guerra.
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A reconstrução da Europa pelo Plano Marshall e a eclosão da Guerra Fria iniciaram um processo de perda de prestígio e de votos dos PCs e criaram condições para o ressurgimento dos partidos social democráticas e socialistas como representantes dos trabalhadores, nos países da Europa Ocidental, na luta por uma distribuição mais eqüitativa do produto dos “milagres econômicos”.
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O ponto culminante desta tendência foi a ascensão ao governo de W.Brandt seguido da H.Schmidt na Alemanha, de F. Mitterand na França, de M. D’Alema e R.Prodi na Itália; governos social-democráticos nos países escandinavos, na Bélgica e Holanda e, por último, a reconquista do poder das mãos da conservadora M. Thatcher pelos trabalhistas de T. Blair.
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A partir dos anos 90, com a queda do socialismo “real” no leste europeu, novamente ofereceu-se uma chance aos partidos social democratas para que cumprissem o papel histórico de apresentar uma alternativa viável aos desmandos e a irracionalidade do sistema capitalista em sua versão neoliberal.
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Acreditando na possibilidade de desenvolvimento econômico nos parâmetros da dinâmica do capital financeiro, mesmo para os países de desenvolvimento “tardio” ou o chamado “terceiro mundo”, os dirigentes dos partidos social democratas aliaram-se aos partidos de “centro direita” para assumir o governo. Para justificar suas políticas de compromissos e de abandono das reivindicações dos trabalhadores ao aderir ao receituário neoliberal do FMI, foi elaborada uma esdrúxula teoria sobre a “Terceira Via” a partir de idéias seminais de Anthony Giddens, acadêmico e guru de Tony Blair, esposada pelos principais chefes de Estado europeus, reunidos num encontro, em 1999, em Florença, Itália, e ao qual compareceram também os presidentes B. Clinton dos EUA e F.H. Cardoso do Brasil. A reunião que devia oficializar a doutrina da Terceira Via, na realidade foi o início de sua decadência, com a perda sucessiva de votos, cadeiras no Parlamento e inclusive de governos, na Áustria, no Portugal, na Itália e, mais recentemente, na França de Lionel Jospin. O eleitorado, tradicionalmente de “esquerda” que dava apoio e votos aos partidos social democratas, expressou seu descontentamento e descrédito e afastou-se das lideranças tradicionais, abstendo-se de votar e  abrindo espaço para o avanço dos partidos da “direita”, os conservadores xenófobos, racistas e ultranacionalistas.
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O cenário emergente no final do século vinte criou desafios econômicos, sociais e políticos  para os quais a social democracia, mesmo vestida de seu manto de Terceira Via, não estava preparada e capacitada de responder. Com a recessão profunda que se abateu sobre a economia norte americana cujos efeitos se propagaram como em círculos concêntricos através de todo o sistema mundial, inúmeros países “emergentes” praticamente afundaram em suas dívidas e contradições sociais internas. O colapso da Argentina em 2001 parece assinalar que o sistema financeiro internacional estaria nos limites de poder “salvar” economias falidas, endividadas e corruptas (México, Tailândia, Indonésia, Rússia, Brasil, Turquia, Equador, Filipinas e outras). Mas, ao caos econômico segue inevitavelmente o social e político, profusamente demonstrado pelas manifestações de massas de revoltados, cidadãos empobrecidos e marginalizados.
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Do outro lado da “cortina de ferro”, a derrocada do sistema stalinista na ex-URSS e nos países satélites resultou de imediato numa deterioração violenta das condições de vida da maioria das populações, repentinamente expostas às turbulências do mercado, sem a proteção paternalista (educação, saúde, habitação, emprego) do Estado.
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Na década dos noventa, quarenta países estavam sendo dirigidos por governos social democratas ou por alianças dominadas pela “esquerda”. Entretanto, revelaram se impotentes para induzir mudanças sociais e econômicas face à pressão avassaladora da globalização econômica e militar e, devido aos compromissos assumidos com os representantes do capital nacional e internacional.
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As lideranças políticas dos partidos social democratas inclusive o nosso PSDB ficaram presas na armadilha que elas próprias construíram. Tendo pregado e defendido durante anos que não haveria futuro fora do sistema neoliberal, assumiram plenamente a responsabilidade pelas políticas econômicas, financeiras e trabalhistas decorrentes, contribuindo para o agravamento da marginalização e exclusão de milhões de pessoas em conseqüência do aumento da “divida social”, enquanto nas questões de política externa aderiram à doutrina da globalização “inevitável”, aliando-se incondicionalmente à superpotência hegemônica.
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Socialismo no século XXI

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As políticas neoliberais e suas desastrosas conseqüências em termos da deterioração da qualidade de vida dos trabalhadores e da maioria da população estão na raiz do distanciamento das massas de seus partidos tradicionais e dos governos com os quais estes colaboraram, ou apoiaram. Para os grupos mais politizados, os partidos social democratas e socialistas perderam o poder mobiliza dor, incapazes que foram para evocar uma visão alternativa da sociedade. Outra parte das vozes e votos discordantes foi para a “direita” (vide o avanço de Le Pen, J. Haider e outros) que , pregando também contra a globalização, acolheram os votos dos pobres marginalizados, da baixa classe média e dos desempregados que se sentiram abandonados pelos partidos de esquerda tradicionais.
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Votos de protesto apoiando os candidatos da oposição não significam necessariamente uma tomada de posição consciente, uma adesão a uma plataforma ideológica e política alternativa. Parece, contudo, cada vez mais nitidamente que, para os partidos tradicionais da esquerda, o objetivo de construir uma sociedade alternativa mais justa foi substituído pela necessidade de manter a organização burocrática e os privilégios decorrentes de seu funcionamento e das alianças celebradas com os antigos adversários. A participação nas instituições da ordem burguesa capitalista abriu as portas para a cooptação das organizações sindicais e políticas e de seus dirigentes. Assim, os partidos socialistas e social democratas não apenas legitimaram as políticas do sistema capitalista, mas passaram também a defendê-las nos fóruns nacionais e internacionais.
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Sendo assim, persiste o impasse histórico de “reforma ou revolução”.
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Tanto os social democratas reformistas quanto os revolucionários replicaram em suas organizações e nas práticas políticas os padrões de conduta e de liderança autoritários, baseados em raciocínios cartesianos lineares e unilaterais com suas interpretações deterministas da História. Uma proposta alternativa abrangeria inevitavelmente desde uma visão do mundo diferente (“o mundo não é uma mercadoria”..) até novas formas de organização e mobilização social. A nova visão, ao rejeitar a globalização imposta “de cima para baixo”, propõe a integração a ser realizada pelas populações, “de baixo para cima”. Em vez de um punhado de executivos, empresários, tecnocratas e seus intelectuais orgânicos, serão as organizações populares e democráticas, baseadas na participação e o engajamento de todos, que conduzirão o processo de transformação social, econômica e política. Essa empreitada e as tarefas dela conseqüentes não podem ser atribuição de uma minoria “iluminada”. A conquista dos Direitos Humanos, a plena vigência do Estado de Direito e da justiça social exigem ações coletivas nas quais os atores sociais se tornem agentes ativos e conscientes do processo histórico e gestores de seu destino.
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Aos céticos e cínicos que desdenhem de uma análise crítica do contexto histórico, sob a alegação da inviabilidade e inutilidade de “utopias”, deve se lembrar o que seria o mundo se não houvesse, em todas as gerações, indivíduos capazes e corajosos de pensar as alternativas, posteriormente transformadas em realidade. Baseando-nos na premissa “toda a realidade é construção social” inferimos que aquilo que foi construído por seres humanos, por eles pode ser desconstruído e reconstruído.
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Afinal, a História do capitalismo data de alguns séculos apenas, em que foram travadas inúmeras guerras, com dezenas de milhões de pessoas exterminadas e inestimáveis recursos naturais devastados.Impelido por uma dinâmica perversa de concentração e polarização em todas as esferas da vida social, o sistema não parece dispor de saídas para romper o círculo vicioso. Portanto, seria ilógico e injusto rejeitar o socialismo, invocando o fracasso da única experiência de sua implantação, em condições históricas extremamente adversas.
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Mas, diferentemente do embate entre capital e trabalho nos séculos XIX e XX que polarizou os conflitos sociais e políticos, o socialismo em nosso século será construído pelas alianças e redes entre movimentos e organizações sociais, em nível local, nacional e internacional. Suas lutas transcendem as questões salariais para enfrentar os problemas da exclusão social, do desemprego, da destruição de pequenas empresas da precarização das relações de trabalho, da biodiversidade e da devastação ambiental, das reformas agrária e urbana e, sobretudo, da defesa intransigente dos Direitos Humanos em todas suas dimensões.
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Para corresponder ao anseio generalizado por uma cidadania plena, de direitos e responsabilidades, o socialismo do século XXI será democrático, aberto à participação de todos e visceralmente comprometido com a liberdade individual e a justiça social.
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Voltamos, portanto, a afirmar “um outro mundo é possível!”


* Professor da FEA (USP) e membro da Associação Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento de Lideranças (ABDL). Publicado na REA, nº 12, maio de 2002, disponível em http://www.espacoacademico.com.br/012/12rattner.htm
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sábado, 21 de novembro de 2009

The fall of the Berlin Wall segundo os trotsquistas

WSWS - 9 November 2009
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* Peter Schwarz
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November 9 marks the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. Since 1989, pictures of rejoicing people, hugging each other and dancing on top of the Wall after the opening of the border crossing, have been used as symbols for the collapse of the GDR (German Democratic Republic) and the other Stalinist regimes that had come to power in Eastern Europe after the end of the Second World War.
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Numerous celebrations are being held in Germany to mark the event. Thousands of visitors from throughout the country and abroad are expected to attend a “Festival of Freedom” around the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin. Amongst others, French President Nicolas Sarkozy, Russian President Dimitri Medvedev, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton will take part in the ceremony.
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Popular enthusiasm for the event, however, is limited. According to a recent opinion poll, some 23 percent of eastern Germans consider themselves as losers in German unification. Another 30 percent see improvements in travel, housing and freedom, but consider developments in the area of income, health, social security and social justice to be negative. Only 32 percent assess their economic situation as “good”, compared to 47 percent in 1999.
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The contradiction between official enthusiasm and public discontent speaks volumes about the real significance of the events of November 1989. The efforts of the media to glorify them as the beginning of a new epoch of democracy, freedom and peace grow all the louder the more obvious it becomes that they were nothing of the kind. There are few events in recent history that have been as thoroughly mystified as the end of the GDR.
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The fall of the Wall initiated the end of a dictatorial regime that oppressed any sign of opposition, particularly from workers, employing a host of secret service agents. However, it was replaced not by democracy, but by another dictatorship—the dictatorship of capital. Following the fall of the Wall, the lives of East Germans changed dramatically—without any consultation or democratic participation of the people.
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A total of 14,000 state-owned enterprises were sold, broken up or liquidated by the Treuhandanstalt (Trust Agency), whose leading figures consisted of representatives from western German big business. Some 95 percent of the privatized companies were acquired by owners from outside eastern Germany. Within three years, 71 percent of all employees had either lost or changed their jobs. By 1991, 1.3 million jobs were destroyed and another million disappeared in the following years. The number of workers in productive industries today amounts to a quarter of the number in 1989.
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Large sections of the eastern German population soon lost hope in the future. The declining birth rate is a telling indicator of the social significance of this process. It sank from 199,000 newborn children in 1989 to 79,000 in 1994.
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The consequences of this industrial and social devastation persist to this day. The total population of the new federal states amounts to 13 million, significantly less than the 14.5 million in the GDR. Twenty years after the fall of the Wall, an average of 140 eastern Germans still migrate to western Germany each day.
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For years, the unemployment rate hovered around 20 percent. Only in the last five years has it dropped to the current 12 percent. However, this reduction stems not from the creation of new regular jobs, but from the spread of low-wage and part-time jobs. Every second employee in eastern Germany works under the low-wage threshold of €9.20 per hour. The average gross wage is €13.50 per hour, far below the western German level of €17.20.
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The demand for “open elections”—at the heart of the demonstrations against the GDR regime in the autumn of 1989—has given way to disappointment about bourgeois democracy. During the last federal elections, just over 60 percent went to the polls in eastern Germany. In state and municipal ballots, the turnout was even lower.
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Another myth about the autumn of 1989 is that the people overthrew the regime of the SED (the Stalinist Socialist Unity Party of the former GDR) in a “peaceful revolution”.
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The mass demonstrations that spread through the whole country in the two months prior to the fall of the Wall did contribute to the rapid collapse of the GDR. But the decisive impulse came from elsewhere. The demonstrators were knocking down an open door. As the first of the “Monday demonstrations” moved through Leipzig on September 4, the end of the GDR had already been sealed.
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The decision was taken in Moscow, where Mikhail Gorbachev had risen to head the Soviet Union in 1985. As part of “Perestroika”, he had set the course for the restoration of capitalism. He was looking for the support of the Western powers, and severed ties with the eastern European “brother” nations by giving absolute priority to Soviet economic interests and demanding world market prices for Soviet exports.
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This drove the GDR—critically reliant on energy supplies from the Soviet Union—to the brink of bankruptcy. Under the pressure of financial problems on the one hand and a disaffected population on the other, the SED turned to the West German government, on whose financial loans it had long relied.
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Günter Mittag, responsible for the GDR economy for many years, later admitted to Spiegel magazine that he knew as early as 1987 that “the game was up”. And Hans Modrow, the last SED prime minister of the GDR from November 1989 to March 1990, later wrote in his memoirs that he had considered “the course towards a unified Germany to be irreversibly necessary” and “had decisively taken that course”.
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Contrary to official mythology, the initiative to introduce capitalism into the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and the GDR came from the ruling Soviet bureaucracy itself. This privileged caste had usurped power in the Soviet Union in the 1920s by displacing, suppressing and finally physically exterminating the Marxist opposition.
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After the Second World War, this bureaucracy extended its rule into Eastern Europe, with the acquiescence of Moscow’s Western allies. It suppressed every independent movement of the working class—as on June 17, 1953, when it crushed the workers’ revolt in the GDR.
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The Stalinist bureaucracy based its rule on the property relations established by the October Revolution in 1917. But it did so like a parasite that drains and finally destroys its host. By suppressing all forms of workers’ democracy, it strangled the creative potential of social ownership. On an international level, it and the Communist parties under its sway stifled every revolutionary movement. After the Second World War, it became a crucial pillar of the status quo, stabilising capitalist rule on a global scale.
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This condition could not last forever. Leon Trotsky, leader of the Left Opposition against Stalinism, had already in 1938 posed the alternative futures of the Soviet Union. In the founding program of the Fourth International, he wrote, “Either the bureaucracy, becoming ever more the organ of the world bourgeoisie in the workers’ state, will overthrow the new forms of property and plunge the country back into capitalism, or the working class will crush the bureaucracy and open the way to socialism”.
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Fundamental changes in the world economy, appearing in the early 1980s, sharpened the contradictions in the Stalinist countries to the breaking point. The globalisation of production, together with the introduction of computers and new communications technologies, left the nationally based economies of these countries far behind.
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Signs of imminent social rebellion increased, especially with the rise of the Solidarity movement in Poland. As Trotsky had predicted, the bureaucracy reacted by overturning the new forms of property relations and throwing the country back into capitalism. This is the significance of Gorbachev’s rise to power. It also sealed the fate of the Stalinist regimes in Eastern Europe that owed their power exclusively to Moscow.
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The demonstrators, marching through the towns and cities of the GDR in late 1989, were unaware of this context. They were venting their pent-up rage towards the ruling bureaucracy and a feeling of economic and political impasse. The movement originally began as a flight to the West. It was socially heterogeneous and politically confused, and had neither a clearly defined aim, nor an understanding of the social forces it was confronting. It thus lent itself easily to manipulation and exploitation.
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The spokesmen of the protests came from the citizens’ rights movement. They were priests, lawyers and artists whose demands were limited to a reform of, and dialogue with, the existing regime. As soon as the regime made a few initial concessions—replacing Erich Honecker with Egon Krenz and Hans Modrow—they worked closely together with the SED in order to bring the protest movement under control and hand over the initiative to the West German government of Helmut Kohl. First they participated in the "Round Table" talks with the government of Modrow, and then they joined it.
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With its agreement to a monetary union with West Germany in the spring of 1989 the Modrow government sealed the end of the GDR. The introduction of the D Mark was a poisoned chalice. It created access to sorely desired West German consumer goods, but at the same time led to the complete collapse of the East German industrial base. Priced in D-marks, East German products were no longer affordable in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, with which the East German economy was closely intertwined, while, due to the lower level of productivity, Eastern products were not competitive in the West.
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There were many workers taking part in the demonstrations in the autumn of 1989, but they lacked any perspective of their own to defend their social gains, which were intrinsically bound up with socialised property in the GDR. They had been cut off completely from the tradition of Marxism and only knew—and despised—its Stalinist perversion.
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Their lack of perspective was itself a product of the decades-long domination of Stalinism, whose greatest crime was the systematic obliteration of the socialist traditions of the working class. Long before the founding of the GDR, Stalin had organised the liquidation of an entire generation of revolutionary Marxists in order to secure his regime.
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Victims of the "Great Terror" of the years 1937/38 were not only the leaders of the October Revolution, but also most of the German communists who had fled to the Soviet Union in order to escape the Nazis. Those who survived were servile bootlickers who had betrayed their own comrades to the Stalinist hangmen. They later constituted the leadership of the SED.
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Only the Trotskyist movement fought against Stalinism from a Marxist standpoint. While the Western media and politicians had access to the people of the GDR, the Trotskyists remained banned and were regarded as public enemy number one until its very end.
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The International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI) not only fought against Stalinism but also against all those who adapted to it, such as the United Secretariat led by Ernest Mandel, which regarded the emergence of the Stalinist regimes in Eastern Europe as proof of the capacity of Stalinism to play a progressive role. Under the most difficult political conditions, the ICFI defended for decades Trotsky’s standpoint that Stalinism could not be reformed but had to be overthrown by a political revolution.
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In the autumn of 1989 the German section of the ICFI intervened in the GDR in order to provide the mass movement against the SED regime a revolutionary orientation. The Socialist Labour League (Bund Sozialistischer Arbeiter), predecessor organisation to the Socialist Equality Party (Partei für Soziale Gleichheit), was the only organisation to warn of the disastrous results of a restoration of capitalism, without making the slightest concessions to the SED.
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In an appeal distributed on November 4 at a mass demonstration in Berlin, the BSA explained, "Political freedom and democratic rights can be won only through a political revolution in which the working class overthrows the ruling bureaucracy, drives it out of all its posts and establishes independent organs of proletarian power and democracy, workers’ councils, elected by the workers in the factories and neighbourhoods, accountable to them and based solely on their strength and mobilisation."
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At the time, Ernest Mandel travelled personally to East Berlin in order to defend the SED against the critique raised by the Trotskyists of the BSA. His German co-thinkers took part in the Round Table and later in the government led by Hans Modrow. In this way, they played a vital role in cutting off the working class from the tradition of Marxism and setting course for the restoration of capitalism.
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The end of the GDR, the Eastern European regimes and the Soviet Union unleashed a wave of triumphalism within the capitalist class, which it is now trying to revive with the current anniversary celebrations. However, such efforts cannot disguise the fact that capitalism all over the world finds itself in a profound crisis.
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The contradictions between world economy and nation state—between the global character of production that has welded together millions of workers all over the globe in one socially unified process of production, and the division of the world into rival nation states—broke the back of the Stalinist regimes two decades ago. These contradictions, however, also lie behind the growing conflicts between imperialist powers, the escalating wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the unceasing attacks on the social gains of the working class and the arrogance and greed of the financial elite.
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These contradictions will inevitably lead to the eruption of fierce social conflicts and revolutionary struggles. Workers must prepare politically by drawing the lessons from 1989 and adopting the international socialist program defended by the ICFI against Stalinism.
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domingo, 8 de novembro de 2009

Bolshevik Revolutionaries


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ErnestoCheGuevara67
1 de Agosto de 2007
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This video is a tribute to the heroes of october 1917. A tribute to the great bolshevik leaders Sverdlov, Trotsky and Lenin. Also to Zinoviev and Kamenev, the pupils of Lenin and to  all members of the bolshevik party, which were killed by stalinist thermidorians.
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domingo, 20 de setembro de 2009

" Farewell, Ilyich! Farewell, Leader!"


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marcelo1917

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"Lenin is no more. We have lost Lenin. The dark laws that govern the work of the arteries have destroyed his life. Medicine has proved itself powerless to accomplish what was passionately hoped for... hat millions of human hearts demanded.
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How many, unhesitatingly, would have sacrifice their own blood to the last drop to revive, to renew the work of the arteries of the great leader, Lenin-Ilyich, the unique, who cannot be replaced. But no miracle occurred where science was powerless. And now Lenin is no more. These words descend upon our consciousness like gigantic rocks falling to the sea. Is it credible, can it be thought of?
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The consciousness of the workers of the whole world cannot grasp this fact; for the enemy is still very strong, the way is long, and the great work, the greatest of history, is unfinished; for the working class of the world needed Lenin as perhaps no one in the history of the world has yet been needed.
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The second attack of illness, which was more severe than the first, lasted more than ten months. The arteries 'played' constantly, according to the bitter expression of the physicians. It was a terrible play with the life of Lenin. Improvement could be expected, almost complete recovery, but also catastrophe. We all expected recovery, but catastrophe happened. The breathing center of the brain refused to function and stifled the center of that mind of great genius.
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And now Vladimir Ilyich is no more. The party is orphaned. The workmen's class is orphaned. This was the very feeling aroused by the news of the death of our teacher and leader.
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How shall we advance, shall we find the way, shall we not go astray? For Lenin, comrades, is no longer with us!
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Lenin is no more, but Leninism endures. The immortal in Lenin, his doctrine, his work, his method, his example, lives in us, lives in the party that he founded, lives in the first workmen's State whose head he was and which he guided.
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Our hearts are now so overcome with grief, because all of us, thanks to the great favor of history, were born contemporaries of Lenin, worked with him, and learned from him. Our party is Leninism in practice, our party is the collective leader of the workers. In each of us lives a small part of Lenin, which is the best part of each of us.
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How shall we continue? With the lamp of Leninism in our hands. Shall we find the way? — With the collective mind, with the collective will of the party we shall find it!
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And tomorrow, and the day after, for a week, a month, we shall ask, Is Lenin really dead? For his death will long seem to us an improbable, an impossible, a terrible arbitrariness of nature.
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May the pain we feel, that stabs our harts each time we think that Lenin is no more, be for each of us an admonition, a warning, an appeal: Your responsibility is increased. Be worthy of the leader who trained you!
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In grief, sorrow, and affliction we bind our ranks and hearts together; we unite more closely for new struggles. Comrades, brothers, Lenin is no longer with us. Farewell, Ilyich! Farewell, Leader!"
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— Leon Trotsky, "Lenin Dead". Tiflis Station, January 22nd, 1924.
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sexta-feira, 28 de agosto de 2009

70 years since the Hitler-Stalin Pact - a opinião dos trotskistas e não só !

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WSWS - 24 August 2009

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Seventy years ago, on August 23, 1939, Nazi foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop and Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov, a chief henchman of Joseph Stalin, met in Moscow to sign a hastily-negotiated Non-Aggression Pact between Hitlerite Germany and the USSR.

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The effect of this agreement was to pave the way for Germany to wage war in Europe under the most favorable conditions for the Nazis. As Ribbentrop traveled to Moscow, the Nazi regime was desperate to secure an agreement with the USSR, allowing it to attack Poland without facing a two-front war against both the USSR and the two main imperialist powers in Western Europe, Great Britain and France. In addition to the non-aggression pledge, the contents of the Pact included a secret division of Poland and the Baltic countries between Nazi Germany and the USSR. Germany was to receive western Poland and Lithuania, while the USSR seized eastern Poland, Latvia, and Estonia.

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A formal declaration of war on September 3, 1939 followed the Nazi invasion of Poland on September 1. This marked the beginning of World War II in Europe—a war that would ultimately claim between 50 million and 70 million lives. Soviet forces entered eastern Poland on September 17, 1939.

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Soviet neutrality allowed the Nazis, after rapidly defeating Polish forces, to concentrate their forces against Western Europe in 1940. With Stalin’s acquiescence, Hitler conquered Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. When the inevitable Nazi invasion of the USSR began in June 1941, the USSR was completely isolated on the European continent. Stalin, ignoring overwhelming evidence of an imminent Nazi invasion, observed the terms of the treaty to the letter. The Kremlin sent the last shipments of strategic raw materials to Nazi Germany only hours before the invasion began on the morning of June 22, 1941.

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The most significant aspect of the treaty was the Kremlin’s complete contempt and indifference toward international working-class opinion. During the negotiations, Stalin toasted Hitler, saying: "I know how much the German people love their Führer." Following the line from the Kremlin, the Communist Parties of France and Britain adopted an official policy of neutrality towards the fascist regime, the embodiment of anti-working-class reaction.

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Both Nazi and Soviet forces committed large-scale crimes in the occupied regions. Nazi forces launched Operation Tannenberg, rounding up and executing tens of thousands of figures in Polish intellectual, cultural, and political life. In March of 1940, Soviet forces organized a massacre of Polish officers in the Katyn Forest.

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To Hitler's surprise, during negotiations of the pact, Stalin did not ask the Nazis to release the German Communist leader Ernst Thälmann, who had been languishing in a concentration camp since shortly after the Nazis came to power in January 1933. Thälmann was later murdered by the Nazis shortly before the collapse of the Third Reich.

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The Stalin-Hitler Pact was, on the surface, a stunning about-face in the foreign policy of both Germany and the USSR. The Nazi regime had presented itself as the bastion of resistance to the USSR and the threat of communism. The Stalinist regime, for its part, claimed to be the irreconcilable opponent of Nazi imperialism. Thus, the signing of the agreement was met with shock and incredulity by Britain and France. However, there was no small measure of hypocrisy in their condemnations of the pact, inasmuch as the two main European imperialist powers had been hoping to come to an agreement with Hitler at the expense of the USSR.

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Until August 1939, powerful factions of the French and British ruling class hoped Hitler would unleash the Wehrmacht not against the West, but against the USSR. This was the basis of the 1938 Munich agreement: in exchange for a worthless Nazi promise of what British premier Neville Chamberlain called "peace in our time," Britain and France agreed to the Nazis' dismembering of Czechoslovakia.


There was one observer to whom the about-face in Soviet policy did not come as a surprise: Leon Trotsky, the leader of the Fourth International, who was then living as a political exile in Mexico.

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With his characteristic far-sightedness, Trotsky predicted that Stalin, facing acute internal crises and a series of hostile regimes in Europe produced by his policies, might seek to ward off the danger of war through an alliance with Hitler. In June 1939, Trotsky wrote: "At the party congress in March of this year, Stalin openly declared for the first time that economically the Soviet Union is still very far behind the capitalist countries. He had to make this admission not only in order to explain retreats in the field of foreign policy. Stalin is prepared to pay very dearly, not to say any price, for peace. Not because he 'hates' war, but because he is mortally afraid of the consequences.

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"From this standpoint it is not difficult to evaluate the comparative benefits for the Kremlin of the two alternatives: agreement with Germany or alliance with the 'democracies.' Friendship with Hitler would mean immediate removal of the danger of war on the Western front and thereby a great reduction of the danger of war on the Far Eastern front. An alliance with the democracies would mean only the possibility of receiving aid in the event of war. Of course, if nothing is left but to fight, then it is more advantageous to have allies than to remain isolated. But the basic task of Stalin's foreign policy is not to create the most favorable conditions in the event of war, but to avoid war. This is the hidden meaning of the frequent statements by Stalin, Molotov, and Voroshilov that the USSR 'needs no allies.'" ("The Riddle of the USSR," The Writings of Leon Trotsky, 1938-1939 (New York: Pathfinder Press, 2002) p. 403-404).

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Trotsky based his judgment of the Kremlin's foreign policy on a broader evaluation of the counter-revolutionary policies that the Soviet bureaucracy had pursued over the previous decade.

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As fears of a Soviet-German war grew after Hitler came to power in 1933, the Kremlin sought alliances with bourgeois and social-democratic parties against fascism in Western Europe. The basis of these relations was the political subordination of the working class to capitalist rule. Stalin hoped to curry favor with the European bourgeoisie by suppressing, politically and physically, left-wing and revolutionary movements. Trotsky succinctly described the resulting "Popular Front" alliances as an "alliance of bourgeois liberalism and the GPU," the Kremlin's secret police.

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In France, the May-June 1936 general strike was sold out by the trade unions and the Stalinist French Communist Party (PCF). PCF leader Maurice Thorez, then collaborating politically with a Popular Front coalition government consisting of the Socialist Party and the bourgeois Radical Party, famously announced that "one has to know how to end a strike." The Popular Front government collapsed in 1938, bringing to power the conservative government of Daladier.

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In Spain, the Popular Front strategy tied the Spanish proletariat to the bourgeoisie during the Spanish Revolution and 1936-1939 Civil War against the Fascist coup leader, General Francisco Franco. The Kremlin insisted that armed workers' detachments should return their weapons to the bourgeois government of Manuel Azaña, to whom they would also leave political and military control of the war effort.

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As Trotskyists pointed out, Azaña's government feared the Spanish revolution far more than it feared Franco. It remained implacably hostile to a call to nationalize the land to win over Franco's peasant armies. France and Britain, though nominal Soviet allies, imposed a blockade on assistance to the Spanish Republic, for fear that the revolution might spread beyond Spain. The ultimate result was the victory of the Spanish Fascists.

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Trotsky commented: “The fundamental trait of Stalin’s international policy in recent years has been this: that he trades in the working class movement just as he trades in oil, manganese, and other goods. In this statement there is not one iota of exaggeration. Stalin looks upon the sections of the Comintern in various countries and upon the liberation struggle of the oppressed nations as so much small change in deals with the imperialist powers.” (“What lies behind Stalin’s bid for agreement with Hitler?”, ibid. p. 235)

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Inside the USSR itself, Stalin sought to ingratiate himself with his new-found imperialist allies and to head off political discontent by liquidating Marxist opposition to his rule. In the Moscow Trials and the ensuing Great Purges of 1936-1938, Stalin framed and massacred the Old Bolshevik cadres and large sections of the socialist intelligentsia. This included the shooting of three-quarters of the Soviet officer corps, including such veterans as Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky and General Iona Yakir—with devastating consequences for the battle-readiness of the Red Army.

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Trotsky wrote, “During the last three years Stalin called all the companions of Lenin agents of Hitler. He exterminated the flower of the general staff. He shot, discharged, and deported about 30,000 officers—all under the same charge of being agents of Hitler or his allies. After having dismembered the party and decapitated the army, now Stalin is openly posing his own candidacy for the role of ... principal agent of Hitler.” (“Stalin’s Capitulation,” ibid. p. 254)

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Coming at the end of this string of betrayals, the Hitler-Stalin Pact constituted a desperate and ultimately unsuccessful attempt by Stalin to prevent a war for which his own policies bore heavy responsibility. When Germany invaded the USSR less than two years later, the Soviet Union was woefully unprepared. Nearly 30 million Soviet soldiers and citizens perished in the struggle to repel the fascist attack.

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Ultimately, however, the incredible sacrifices of the Soviet people were betrayed by the dissolution of the USSR in 1991—the final outcome of the counter-revolutionary policies of Stalinism.

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Alex Lantier

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