John Bull, Uncle Sam e os Impostos

Income Tax Cartoon, 1928

Income Tax Cartoon, 1928 Photograph - Income Tax Cartoon, 1928 Fine Art Print -Granger

Artwork: #970 of 5522 by Granger

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Tariff Cartoon, 1896

Tariff Cartoon, 1896 Photograph - Tariff Cartoon, 1896 Fine Art Print - Granger

Artwork: #985 of 5522 by Granger

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Tariff Lobbyist, 1897

Tariff Lobbyist, 1897 Photograph - Tariff Lobbyist, 1897 Fine Art Print - Granger

Artwork: #4457 of 5522 by Granger

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McKINLEY TARIFF ACT, 1894

McKINLEY TARIFF ACT, 1894 Photograph - McKINLEY TARIFF ACT, 1894 Fine Art Print -Granger

 

CARTOON: JOHN BULL, c1814

CARTOON: JOHN BULL, c1814 Painting - CARTOON: JOHN BULL, c1814 Fine Art Print - Granger

Artwork: #5355 of 5522 by Granger

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Britannia e John Bull

England is part of both Great Britain and the United Kingdom. It covers a total area of 130,478 square kilometres  - 57 per cent of the whole island, and its capital is London. England is divided into 34 counties. The population of England is 50,762,900 (2006). The overall population density of 376 persons/square kilometre is one of the highest in the world.

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The national emblem of England is the Rose. Just as the United States is personified as Uncle Sam, so England often appears in caricature as either'Britannia', a heroic female figure holding a trident (the symbol of sea power), or as 'John Bull' a good­humoured, well-fed country gentleman personifying determination and common sense. The patron saint of England is St George, whose feast is celebrated on 23 April (also Shakespeare's birthday).

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Britannia is the name that the Romans gave to their southern British province (which covered, approximately, the area of present-day England). It is also the name given to the female emhodimont of Britain, always shown wearing a helmet and holding a trident (the symbol of power over the sea), hence the patriotic song which begins 'Rule Britannia, Britannia rule the waves'. The figure of Britannia has been on the reverse side of many British coins for more than 300 years. . John Bull is a fictional character who is supposed to personify linglishness and certain English virtues. (He can be compared to Uncle Sam in the USA.) He features in hundreds of nineteenth century cartoons. His appearance is typical of an eighteenth century country gentleman, evoking an idyllic rural past. .

Where Britain is divided into four separate countries, England itself is made up of four quite distinctive areas - The South of England, Heart of England, East of England, and England's North Country - each offering something unique and exciting: majestic moorland and craggy peaks, lush green fields and fens, wide sandy beaches and quaint fishing villages. But England is not just countryside–there are elegant, refined and historic cities with Roman, Georgian, Tudor and Victorian influences; architectural splendors; university cities; cathedral cities and other vibrant, exciting cities with museums, art galleries, modern trendy restaurants, nightlife and some amazing theater. Whatever quintessentially English characteristic you crave - afternoon tea, cricket on the village green, a walk along the promenade or great theater and shopping - England has something for everyone.

DID YOU KNOW.....WHERE THE NAME 'JOHN BULL' COMES FROM?

HISTORIC-   bn

UK.com THE history and heritage accommodation guide

John Bull is an imaginary figure who is a personification of England, similar to the American 'Uncle Sam'. He is shown in cartoons and caricatures as a prosperous farmer of the 18th century.

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John Bull first appears as a character in a series of political satires by John Arbuthnot (1667-1735). Arbuthnot was a Scottish scientist, doctor and political satirist. His series of John Bull pamphlets, 'The History of John Bull', introduced John Bull as the typical Englishman: "an honest plain-dealing fellow, choleric, bold, and of a very inconstant temper" (from Law is a Bottomless Pit)

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By 1762 James Gillray and other caricature engravers had incorporated John Bull into their work, and he appeared as a cartoon by Sir John Tenniel in Punch magazine.

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Bull is usually pictured as a stout man in a tailcoat with breeches and a Union Flag waistcoat, dressed in the fashion of the Regency period. He also wears a low topper (sometimes called a John Bull topper) on his head and is often accompanied by a bulldog. His size and apparent gluttony represented prosperity in an age where rosy cheeks and plump faces were a sign of good health.
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The John Bull character was that of a drinking man, hard-headed, down-to-earth, averse to intellectualism, fond of dogs, horses, ale, and country sports.

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John Bull's surname is reminiscent of the alleged fondness of the English for beef, reflected in the French nickname for English people les rosbifs (the "Roast Beefs").
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During the Napoleonic Wars, John Bull became the national symbol of freedom, of loyalty to king and country, and of resistance to French aggression. He was the ordinary man in the street, who would fight Napoleon with his bare hands if necessary.

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By the 1800s he was seen as a more assertive figure in domestic politics as well, prepared to criticise the royal family and the government, giving those outside the traditional political process a voice.

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John Bull became so familiar that his name frequently appeared in books, plays, periodical titles, and as a brand name or trademark. Although frequently used through World War II, John Bull has been seen less often since the 1950s.

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John Bull is still looked upon with affection by many English people.  As Uncle Sam is the iconic representation of the United States, so John Bull is the personification of the character of the English: honest, generous, straightforward, with a zest for life and ready to stand up and fight for what he believes in.

© HUK

Footnote:

There was a John Bull in real life, one of the most distinguished English keyboard players of his time. John Bull (1562 - 1628) was in the service of Queen Elizabeth before taking refuge in the Netherlands to avoid various charges, including adultery, levelled at him in England. He was known as an organist and a virginalist.*

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Bull wrote keyboard compositions, the best known of which is The King's Hunt. He is also regarded as the composer of 'God Save the King' - the melody is supposed to have been found amongst his papers after he died.

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*Virginal - a form of keyboard instrument with a mechanism for plucking rather than hammering the strings.
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http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/JohnBull.htm

John Bull

Alien Menace

Michael O'Malley, Associate Professor of History and Art History, George Mason University

In this cartoon we can see many of the stereotypes of the irishman of the 1800s--the association with drink, but also a flat nose, pronounced mouth and lips, low forehead, and general air of brutishness.

In this cartoon the drunken, violent Irishman sits on a powder keg that threatens the US itself. He has the same pronounced facial features as the character above and below.

In this image John Bull (England) and Uncle Sam (the U.S.) debate how to solve the problem of the riotous Irishman, who again has the pronounced lower jaw and mouth, the flat, short nose, and the sloping forehead of a racial inferior.

In this image, drunken Irishmen riot against the New York police

Some historians have argued that the Irish were seen as not quite white--not black, exactly, but not quite "white" either.

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http://chnm.gmu.edu/exploring/19thcentury/alienmenace/pop_cartoons.html

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John Bull por Cruikshank

 

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John BullJohn Bull is the national personification of the Kingdom of Great Britain, created by John Arbuthnot in 1712 and popularized first by publishers in the United Kingdom, and later overseas by illustrators and writers such as the American Thomas Nast and the Irish writer George Bernard Shaw, author of "John Bull's Other Island". Sometimes John Bull is used to refer to the entire United Kingdom, although the use has not been fully accepted in Scotland or Wales, where it is viewed there as purely English rather than British. Therefore, as an alternative in some cartoons Great Britain is symbolized by Britannia or a lion. In Northern Ireland the figure of John Bull has been embraced by Unionists, and is rejected by most nationalists.

As a literary figure, John Bull is endowed with peasant wisdom and is full of good intentions though these are often frustrated. Unlike the later Uncle Sam, John Bull is not an authority figure, but rather a small landowner who is keen to enjoy his beer and domestic peace; he does not exercise patriarchal power nor heroic charm.

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Arbuthnot gave John Bull a sister named Peg (symbolizing Scotland) and a traditional enemy named Louis Baboon (the royal house of Bourbon of France). Peg survived in art beyond the eighteenth century, but the other figures associated with the original picture did not become popular and soon disappeared.

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Bull is usually depicted as a stocky and well-built man with coat tails and pants at the knee, with a vest with the flag of the United Kingdom, dressed according to the fashion of the Regency period. He wears a top hat and is often accompanied by a bulldog. John Bull has been used in numerous advertising campaigns over time, and was a frequent presence in the British newspaper cartoons of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.

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From 1790 onward, the stocky, conservative John Bull, dressed like an English country gentleman, was often depicted in drawings by satirists such as James Gillray, Thomas Rowlandson and George Cruikshank, sometimes in explicit contrast to the stereotype of the skeleton-like French revolytionaries, the Jacobin sans-culottes.